• Old World Auctions (Nov 6-20):
    Lot 51. Ortelius' Influential Map of the New World - Second Plate in Full Contemporary Color (1579) Est. $5,500 - $6,500
    Old World Auctions (Nov 6-20):
    Lot 165. Reduced-Size Edition of Jefferys/Mead Map with Revolutionary War Updates (1776) Est. $4,750 - $6,000
    Old World Auctions (Nov 6-20):
    Lot 688. Blaeu's Superb Carte-a-Figures Map of Africa (1634) Est. $3,000 - $3,750
    Old World Auctions (Nov 6-20):
    Lot 105. Striking Map of French Colonial Possessions (1720) Est. $2,750 - $3,500
    Old World Auctions (Nov 6-20):
    Lot 98. Rare First Edition of the First Published Plan of a Settlement in North America (1556) Est. $3,000 - $3,750
    Old World Auctions (Nov 6-20):
    Lot 181. Important Map of the Georgia Colony (1748) Est. $2,750 - $3,500
    Old World Auctions (Nov 6-20):
    Lot 547. Ortelius' Map of Russia with a Vignette of Ivan the Terrible in Full Contemporary Color (1579) Est. $1,400 - $1,700
    Old World Auctions (Nov 6-20):
    Lot 85. Homann's Decorative Map of Colonial America (1720) Est. $1,600 - $1,900
    Old World Auctions (Nov 6-20):
    Lot 642. Blaeu's Magnificent Carte-a-Figures Map of Asia (1634) Est. $3,000 - $3,750
    Old World Auctions (Nov 6-20):
    Lot 748. The Martyrdom of St. John in Contemporary Hand Color with Gilt Highlights (1520) Est. $1,000 - $1,300
    Old World Auctions (Nov 6-20):
    Lot 298. Scarce Early Map of Chester County (1822) Est. $2,750 - $3,500
  • Bonhams, Nov. 2-12: AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES. Red-Shouldered Hawk. London: R. Havell, Jr., 1829. $2,000 - $3,000
    Bonhams, Nov. 2-12: STEWART, WILLIAM DRUMMOND, SIR. Altowan; or, Incidents of Life and Adventure in the Rocky Mountain... New York, 1846. PRESENTATION COPY. $800 - $1,200
    Bonhams, Nov. 2-12: WILLUGHBY & RAY, JOHN. The Ornithology of Francis Willughby in three books... London, Martyn, 1678. $800 - $1,200
    Bonhams, Nov. 2-12: SUSAN B. ANTHONY. Autograph Quotation Signed, on equal rights "for men and women," Rochester, 1898. $1,000 - $1,500
    Bonhams, Nov. 2-12: FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN. Autograph Letter Signed integrally to Le Comte de Milly arranging a meeting with M. Broignard, Passy, 1778. $10,000 - $15,000
    Bonhams, Nov. 2-12: FRANKLIN, JEFFERSON, & ADAMS. Mansucript Signed by all three architects of the American ideal, requesting a Treaty of Amity and Commerce. $750,000 - $1,000,000
    Bonhams, Nov. 2-12: LINCOLN, ABRAHAM. Endorsement Signed, a pardon for a Confederate soldier, February 6, 1865. $4,000 - $6,000
    Bonhams, Nov. 2-12: NAPOLEON FORMALLY RATIFIES THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. Document Signed ("James Monroe," "Robt. R. Livingston" and "Barbé-Marbois"). $100,000 - $200,000
    Bonhams, Nov. 2-12: JAMES MONROE ON THE DIFFICULTIES OF JAY'S TREATY. Autograph Letter Signed to Thomas Pinckney, Paris, January 17, 1795. $15,000 - $25,000
    Bonhams, Nov. 2-12: GIDEON WELLES FIRST HAND ACCOUNT OF FORT PICKENS AND FORT SUMTER ON THE EVE OF CIVIL WAR. Autograph Manuscript, 44 pp, c.1870. $4,000 - $6,000
    Bonhams, Nov. 2-12: SIGNED BY BORGES. Labyrinths: Selected Stories & Other Writings. 1962. First book publication in English. $4,000 - $6,000
    Bonhams, Nov. 2-12: LORENZO DOW TURNER'S COPY. LOCKE, ALAIN. The New Negro: an Interpretation. 1925. $1,000 - $1,500
  • Forum Auctions
    A Visual and Historical Voyage into the Ottoman World:
    The Library of a Gentleman
    14th November
    Forum, Nov. 14: Preziosi (Amedeo). Stamboul: Recollections of Eastern Life, first edition, Paris, Lemercier, 1858. £6,000 to £8,000.
    Forum, Nov. 14: Mayr (Heinrich von). Malerische Ansichten aus dem Orient. Vues Pittoresques de l'Orient, first edition in the original 10 parts, Munich, Paris & Leipzig, [1839-40]. £10,000 to £15,000.
    Forum, Nov. 14: Lewis (John Frederick). Illustrations of Constantinople, made during a Residence in that City &c. in the Years 1835-6, first edition, [1838]. £6,000 to £8,000.
    Forum, Nov. 14: Dodwell (Edward). Views in Greece, first edition, ordinary format, Rodwell and Martin, 1821. £8,000 to £12,000.
    Forum, Nov. 14: Cassas (Louis François). [Voyage Pittoresque de la Syrie, de la Phoenicie, de la Palæstube et de la Basse-Égypte], 3 vol., first edition, [Paris], [1799]. £8,000 to £12,000.
    Forum Auctions
    A Visual and Historical Voyage into the Ottoman World:
    The Library of a Gentleman
    14th November
    Forum, Nov. 14: La Chappelle (Georges). Recueil de Divers Portraits des Principales Dames de la Porte du Grand Turc, first edition, Paris, 1648. £8,000 to £12,000.
    Forum, Nov. 14: Fossati (Gaspard). Aya Sophia Constantinople as recently restored by order of H.M. the Sultan Abdul Medjid, first edition, ordinary format, 1852. £6,000 to £8,000.
    Forum, Nov. 14: Pertusier (Charles). Promenades Pittoresques dans Constantinople et sur les Rives du Bosphore, 4 vol., inc Atlas, first edition, Paris, H. Nicolle, 1815-17. £6,000 to £8,000.
    Forum, Nov. 14: Brindesi (Jean). Souvenirs de Constantinople, first edition, [Paris], [1855-60]. £4,000 to £6,000.
    Forum, Nov. 14: Le Bruyn (Cornelius). Voyage au Levant, first French edition, Delft, Henri de Kroonevelt, 1700. £3,000 to £4,000.

Rare Book Monthly

Articles - February - 2023 Issue

A New Theory Concerning the History of the Mysterious Voynich Manuscript

An indecipherable language and some naked ladies in a pool.

An indecipherable language and some naked ladies in a pool.

Are you ready for another theory concerning the mysterious Voynich Manuscript? This is the early 15th century manuscript written in a language no one has been able to decipher, not even the greatest cryptographers. It's sections can be identified based on the illustrations. There are sections on botany, an herbal, zodiac stuff, and drawings of naked women frolicking around in pools of water. There are combinations of letters, obviously words, that are repeated, and are used consistently within the various sections. Based on dating of the vellum pages, it was created between 1403-1438. No one knows where or by whom.

 

It is known as the Voynich Manuscript as it first appeared in the possession of Polish bookseller Wilfrid Voynich in 1912. It was purchased by another bookseller, H. P. Kraus, who gave it to Yale University in 1969. It is still in Yale's possession today.

 

Of course, it has been speculated that the whole thing is a fraud but that seems unlikely. It took a lot of work to create this book, especially what appears to be a consistent language. The 15th century dating of its pages has been determined by carbon dating. While Voynich or someone before him could conceivably have used blank 15th century vellum to create the apparent age, they would have had no reason to do so before 1912. Carbon dating had not been discovered or even imagined then so there would have been no point to rounding up unused vellum from so long ago. No one would have known the difference from something more recent.

 

For the past century, many have tried to decipher the Voynich Manuscript. Some of the greatest cryptographers have tried but no one has succeeded. Considering how well people have done in translating hieroglyphics and some of the most sophisticated secret codes, particularly during wartime, it is almost as much of a mystery why no one has succeeded. Theories about its language have been put forward, but their shortcomings have repeatedly been revealed by the fact that no one has ever been able to decipher what it says.

 

This latest theory is not an attempt to crack the code. Rather, it is an attempt to trace its ownership farther back in time, closer to its origin. It is known to have belonged to Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II in the early 17th century. He was fascinated by things rare and unusual. Rudolf was a logical collector of it. His ownership has been traced through a letter written by 17th century physician Johannes Marci von Kronland to Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher, saying that Rudolf had purchased it for 600 ducats. Kircher was unable to decipher it, after which the manuscript disappeared into the Jesuit collections, not to be seen again until Voynich came up with it.

 

There is no record of from whom Rudolf obtained the manuscript. Stefan Guzy, from the University of Arts Bremen in Bremen, Germany, did some sleuthing. He looked through a voluminous number of records to see if any books had been purchased by Rudolf that had cost 600 ducats. Among the lists of 7,000 transactions, he found 126 of buying books or manuscripts. One was for 600 ducats. The sale was made in 1597. It did not say what books were in the purchase, simply a “barrel of books.” Apparently, books were transported in barrels in those days. Since 600 ducats, a gold coin, was a lot of money, it is unlikely the Voynich Manuscript or any other single book would have cost this much.

 

Next, he looked at who the seller was. It was a physician and alchemist named Carl Widemann. Widemann was himself a manuscript collector. He regularly sold, or attempted to sell manuscripts to various sovereigns. Widemann was the city physician for Augsburg. He lived in a house owned by his predecessor as city physician, Dr. Leonhard Rauwolf. Rauwolf was was not only a physician but an extensive traveler. He was also interested in botanical and herbal subjects. Rauwolf is credited with introducing coffee to Europe, which he described in 1583 after a long trip around the Near East. It would not be surprising that he might have picked up a book such as this.

 

Rauwolf died in 1596, his wife in 1597. That was when Rudolf purchased the manuscript. Rauwolf's heirs sold the house and all the belongings in it. Guzy points out that it would be logical for Rauwolf's heirs to have turned over his books to Widemann to sell. That would explain this manuscript, if it were owned by Rauwolf, being in the barrel of books Widemann sold to Emperor Rudolf II.

 

Naturally, there are several speculations in this thesis. More research will be needed before this can be said to be more than a reasonable theory. Even if it is true, it does not answer the question of the origin of the book, let alone what its words mean. Nor does it tell us why it was written in a secret language so obscure that no experts have ever been able to break the code. However, it would bring us a step closer to its creation. An interest in the book by Rauwolf would support the belief that it is primarily some sort of herbal, a book of interest to a physician. If this timeline is true, we don't know where in his travels Rauwolf picked it up, whether he knew its origin, or if he understood its meaning better than anyone else since. The mystery goes on, but maybe Guzy has taken us one step closer to the solution.

 

You can read Guzy's report at the following link: ceur-ws.org/Vol-3313/paper16.pdf


Posted On: 2023-02-15 04:44
User Name: mairin111

One of your best articles, Michael. Many thanks for all the good information
on a topic endlessly captivating, evidently. Quick addendum: For an excellent
profile of Voynich, see one of my favorite books: E. Millicent Sowerby's Rare
People & Rare Books (1967, 1987), with handsome full-page photo of Voynich,
"the greatest international rare-book dealer of his time" (p. 8).
- Maureen E. Mulvihill,
Collector.


Rare Book Monthly

  • Dominic Winter Auctioneers
    Printed Books, Maps & Caricatures
    13 November 2024
    Dominic Winter, 13th Nov: The Americas. Blaeu (Willem Janszoon), Americae nova Tabula, Amsterdam circa 1635. £800-1,200
    Dominic Winter, 13th Nov: Witchcraft. Saducismus Trimphatus, by Joseph Glanvill, 2nd edition, 1688. £600-800
    Dominic Winter, 13th Nov: Gillray (James). United Irishmen in Training, 1798. £500-800
    Dominic Winter Auctioneers
    Printed Books, Maps & Caricatures
    13 November 2024
    Dominic Winter, 13th Nov: Ketham (Johannes de). Fasciculus medici[n]e …, Venice: Cesare Arrivabene, March 1522. £6,000-8,000
    Dominic Winter, 13th Nov: Bible [English]. The Byble in Englyshe of the largest and greatest volume..., 1541. £7,000-10,000
    Dominic Winter, 13th Nov: Chaucer (Geoffrey). The Workes of Geffray Chaucer newlye printed..., 1542. £2,000-3,000
    Dominic Winter Auctioneers
    Printed Books, Maps & Caricatures
    13 November 2024
    Dominic Winter, 13th Nov: Bible [English]. The Newe Testament of Our Saviour Jesu Christe..., 1566. £7,000-10,000
    Dominic Winter, 13th Nov: Hakluyt (Richard). The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques..., 1599. £4,000-6,000
    Dominic Winter, 13th Nov: Queen Anne binding. A sammelband of 15 almanacks, 1704. £1,000-1,500
    Dominic Winter Auctioneers
    Printed Books, Maps & Caricatures
    13 November 2024
    Dominic Winter, 13th Nov: Jacobite Uprising. A Grand Consultation concerning the Invasion of England..., 1745. £1,000-1,500
    Dominic Winter, 13th Nov: Holbein (Hans). Imitations of Original Drawings in the Collection of His Majesty, 1792-1800. £2,000-3,000
    Dominic Winter, 13th Nov: Wordsworth (William). Yarrow Revisited, 1st edition, presentation copy with author's corrections, 1835. £1,500-2,000
  • Sotheby's
    Fine Books, Manuscripts & More
    Available for Immediate Purchase
    Sotheby’s: J.R.R. Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings Trilogy. 11,135 USD
    Sotheby’s: Edgar Allan Poe. The Raven and Other Poems, 1845. 33,000 USD
    Sotheby’s: Leo Tolstoy, Clara Bow. War and Peace, 1886. 22,500 USD
    Sotheby’s: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, 1902. 7,500 USD
    Sotheby’s: F. Scott Fitzgerald. This Side of Paradise, The Great Gatsby, and Others, 1920-1941. 24,180 USD
  • Freeman’s | Hindman
    Fine Printed Books and Manuscripts, Including Americana
    November 14
    Freeman’s | Hindman, Nov. 14: LEROUX, Gaston. The Phantom of the Opera. FIRST AM. ED, FIRST ISSUE IN THE VERY RARE DUST JACKET. 1911. $6,000 – 8,000.
    Freeman’s | Hindman, Nov. 14: GOULD, John. A Monograph of the Trochilidae...Humming-Birds. L., [1849-] 1861. $60,000 – 80,000.
    Freeman’s | Hindman, Nov. 14: A COMPLETE RUN of Limited Editions Club publications, v.p. [mostly New York], 1929-2010. $50,000 – 60,000.
    Freeman’s | Hindman, Nov. 14: ORWELL, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. Lon., 1949. FIRST EDITION IN A VERY FINE DUST JACKET. $6,000 – 8,000.
    Freeman’s | Hindman, Nov. 14: GOULD. A Monograph of the Ramphastidae...Toucans. L., [1852-] 54. SECOND ED. $35,000 – 45,000.
    Freeman’s | Hindman, Nov. 14: The Federalist. NY, 1788. FIRST EDITION, THICK PAPER COPY. $60,000 – 80,000.
    Freeman’s | Hindman, Nov. 14: SELBY. Plates to Selby’s Illustrations of British Ornithology. Edin., [1833-] 34. $20,000 – 30,000.
  • Gonnelli:
    Auction 55
    Antique prints, paintings and maps
    November 26st 2024
    Gonnelli: Stefano Della Bella, 23 animal plances,1641. Starting price 480€
    Gonnelli: Stefano Della Bella, Boar Hunt, 1654. Starting price 180€
    Gonnelli: Crispijn Van de Passe, The seven Arts, 1637. Starting price 600€
    Gonnelli: Giuseppe Maria Mitelli, La Maschera è cagion di molti mali, 1688. Starting price 320€
    Gonnelli: Biribissor’s game, 1804-15. Starting price 2800€
    Gonnelli: Nicolas II de Larmessin, Habitats,1700. Starting price 320€
    Gonnelli: Miniature “O”, 1400. Starting price 1800€
    Gonnelli: Jan Van der Straet, Hunt scenes, 1596. Starting Price 140€
    Gonnelli: Massimino Baseggio, Costantinople, 1787. Starting price 480€
    Gonnelli: Kawanabe Kyosai, Erotic scene lighten up by a candle, 1860. Starting price 380€
    Gonnelli: Duck shaped dropper, 1670. Starting price 800€
  • Swann, Nov. 14: Stephen Sondheim, autograph musical quotation signed and inscribed, 4 bars from “Send in the Clowns,” 1986.
    Swann, Nov. 14: George Washington, autograph letter signed to Robert Morris, preparing for attack on Philadelphia, 1777.
    Swann, Nov. 14: Autograph album containing over 250 signatures by members of 29th U.S. Congress, 1845.
    Swann, Nov. 14: Charles “The Bold,” letter signed to Duke of Milan written during Burgundian Wars, 1475.
    Swann, Nov. 14: Deng Xiaoping, TIME magazine “Man of the Year” issue signed and dated, 1979.
    Swann, Nov. 14: Theodor Herzl, autograph letter signed to prospective tutor of his children, 1902.
    Swann, Nov. 14: Bourienne’s Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte extra illustrated including 1798 letter signed by Napoleon after Battle of the Nile, 1836.
    Swann, Nov. 14: George Minot, autograph manuscript signed, diary kept during European trip to claim Nobel Prize, 1934.
    Swann, Nov. 14: Thomas Jefferson, autograph letter signed, introducing George Washington’s personal secretary Tobias Lear, 1793.
    Swann, Nov. 14: Winston Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, signed in second volume, first edition, 1956-58.
    Swann, Nov. 14: John Steinbeck, late typescript drafts of 5 chapters from his posthumously published tales of King Arthur, 1959.
    Swann, Nov. 14: H.G. Wells, group of 14 of his books signed to his mistress Rebecca West or the son they had together, 1910s-40s.
  • Ketterer Rare Books
    Auction November 25th
    Ketterer Rare Books, Nov. 25:
    H. Schedel, Liber chronicarum, 1493. Est: € 25,000
    Ketterer Rare Books, Nov. 25:
    P. O. Runge, Farben-Kugel, 1810. Est: € 8,000
    Ketterer Rare Books, Nov. 25:
    W. Kandinsky, Klänge, 1913. Est: € 20,000
    Ketterer Rare Books
    Auction November 25th
    Ketterer Rare Books, Nov. 25:
    W. Burley, De vita et moribus philosophorum, 1473. Est: € 4,000
    Ketterer Rare Books, Nov. 25:
    M. B. Valentini, Viridarium reformatum seu regnum vegetabile, 1719. Est: € 12,000
    Ketterer Rare Books, Nov. 25:
    PAN, 10 volumes, 1895-1900. Est: € 15,000
    Ketterer Rare Books
    Auction November 25th
    Ketterer Rare Books, Nov. 25:
    J. de Gaddesden, Rosa anglica practica medicinae, 1492. Est: € 12,000
    Ketterer Rare Books, Nov. 25:
    M. Merian, Todten-Tanz, 1649. Est: € 5,000
    Ketterer Rare Books, Nov. 25:
    D. Hammett, Red harvest, 1929. Est: € 11,000
    Ketterer Rare Books
    Auction November 25th
    Ketterer Rare Books, Nov. 25:
    Book of hours, Horae B. M. V., 1503. Est: € 9,000
    Ketterer Rare Books, Nov. 25:
    J. Miller, Illustratio systematis sexualis Linneai, 1792. Est: € 8,000
    Ketterer Rare Books, Nov. 25:
    F. Hundertwasser, Regentag – Look at it on a rainy day, 1972. Est: € 8,000
  • Doyle
    Stage & Screen
    November 14 & 15
    Doyle, Nov. 14-15: A studio-sanctioned Darth Vader Touring Costume from The Empire Strikes Back. $50,000 to $100,000.
    Doyle, Nov. 14-15: An original Al Hirschfeld's illustration of the cast of On Golden Pond. $4,000 to $6,000.
    Doyle, Nov. 14-15: The largest trove of personal Grace Kelly letters to come to market. $60,000 to $80,000.
    Doyle, Nov. 14-15: An Important Archive of Musical Manuscripts of Truman Capote and Harold Arlen's House of Flowers. $40,000 to $60,000.
    Doyle, Nov. 14-15: The archive of an original Merrily We Roll Along Broadway cast member. $5,000 to $10,000.
    Doyle, Nov. 14-15: Jerry Herman's Yamaha Model C7 Ebonized Grand Piano. $6,000 to $9,000.
    Doyle, Nov. 14-15: A large group of Jerry Herman musical posters. $300 to $500.
    Doyle, Nov. 14-15: Group of awards presented to Jerry Herman. $300 to $400.
    Doyle, Nov. 14-15: Six pages of original art for "The MAD Game of Basebrawl," a complete story published in MAD #167, pages 31-36, June 1974. $3,000 to $4,000.
    Doyle, Nov. 14-15: A MAD book made for Al Jaffee, containing original art and writings from many MAD contributors. 2011. $1,200 to $1,800.
    Doyle, Nov. 14-15: A Jaffee-themed MAD Fold-In - "What honor should the creator of the MAD Fold-Ins be given?" $800 to $1,200.
    Doyle, Nov. 14-15: MAD Fold-In - "What developing news story has many Americans totally transfixed?" $800 to $1,200.

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